Russian self-determination within the Russian Federation
recently with the filing of Yegor Kholmogorova went to a new wave of debate about the optimal for the Russian territorial government device Russia. The author, in addition to repeating well-known arguments about the disadvantaged Russian in Russia, put forward a new concept to solve this problem.
Total, there are seven major competing projects:
1) The elimination of ethnic autonomy and equalization of all the "Russians", regardless of nationality. This "project of President Medvedev, if he thought: his thoughts about the" Russians "to the end (ie stopped to institutionalized discrimination against the Russian in the face of" autonomous " ethnic groups in Russia).
2) The elimination of the ethnic autonomous areas and the declaration of Russia Russian national state. This project is supported by the majority of unitary nationalists.
3) Giving all the present existing Russian territories and regions of autonomy ("Russian Republic") within the Russian Federation. This project Vadim Shtepa (In this case the author does not focus on the mandatory "etnokratichnosti" of these republics, because the normal regional democracy, the question of ethnic imbalances will be resolved by itself).
4) The formation of the seven great "Russian Republics within the Russian Federation, roughly along the boundaries of federal districts. This project Shiropaeva and NDA .
5) The formation of a unified "Russian Republic within the Russian Federation. This project supports a lot of ethno-nationalists ( as an example of the same name Organization ).
6) The transformation of Russia in the "hegemonic federation." In essence: The Government of the Republic is automatically Russian Government Federation, but the status of other autonomy is preserved, and they are still some levers of influence on the adoption of common solutions. One version of the draft presented Kholmogorov.
7) Synthesis of Options 2, 3 and 6: the transformation of Russia into the Russian national state, with preservation of the ethnic republics, and increasing autonomous rights for the Russian regions.
Next I'm going to prove that the most simple to implement and are optimal for the Russian decision Shtepa (3) and Kholmogorova (6). And the best is project number 7.
immediately warn you: the question of the ethnic groups of the North Caucasus in general, I do not see below, since a "force majeure" and the decision for him to be special. Everything that is written below, applies only to relations with the peaceful Russian ethnic groups in Russia (if not stated otherwise).
Project 1. Hypothetical Project Medvedev "reject from the outset, because he angered people autonomy, Russian anything positive no responsibility. In a situation of total corruption and lack of democracy, the minority (some of) the strong not only for its autonomous (they, incidentally, is not at all) but effective clan-tribal organization. Russian, by virtue of its traditions, can compete with them only by relying on legal organized structure recognized by the state. If ethnic organizations to ban "the same for all", then the Russian, this ban would be a real and fatal (that and is today), and the tribal ethnic groups - the formal little thing that they are easy to bypass (as they have an organic connection). Without reliance on Russian nodes of statehood, the Russian in "rossiyanskoy" Russia is doomed to be second-class citizens. If the country to allow democracy and Russian parties, we can autonomy and not to cancel (only correct boundaries): the first free elections will automatically turn the country into a Russian nation state.
Project 2. Russian unitary project - too conflicted, and the intervention of foreign "helpers" may result in "Yugoslavia". In addition, this project too sensitive to who and how will undertake its implementation. If this current government will, in practice all reduced to the project number 1, just a word "Russian" is devalued to a value of "Russians". If the country to allow democracy and Russian parties, we can not cancel and autonomy: the first is free Elections will automatically turn the country into the Russian national state.
The main danger of this project: he pushes the "anti-Russian camp" many people with whom Russian relations today is quite acceptable and which are on the neck in Russian do not sit. The idea that the Russian claim to have all other peoples of Russia - is wrong. Many indigenous peoples are in the same devalued and endangered position, both Russian and over the Russian did not soar even in their title autonomies. For example, count the number of ethnic Khakassia Khakassia Government . Or ethnic Karels - in Government Karelia .
Project 3. Raising the status of Russian regions to ethnic Russian republics - is the most simple and fast, what can be done in the current situation. This project will improve the situation a few Russian, even under the current "limited democracy". It should be understood that for this to the Russian regions to be distributed not only a "paper" status of the republics, but also those informal preferences , which in practice is authorized by such a strong autonomous regions, like Tatarstan or Chechnya. Just renaming "Oryol Oblast" in Orel Russian republic "will change nothing.
ideally need to remove the restriction on the creation of regional parties (for participation in local elections), to return the direct election of regional head and remove the possibility of the president to shift its simple stroke of a pen. In addition, the need to increase the powers of autonomous regional governments: to reduce the share of remittances to the federal budget (from 70% to at least 20-30%) to return the region minerals and natural resources to expand the scope for regional policy in the sphere of economy, education and culture to subdue the will of the voters' police forces in the region; enable the region to determine the demographic, ethnic and immigration policy. If this list does not implement (At least in part), the "republican status" would be pure fiction.
Project 4. a variant with seven big "Russian republics" within the Russian Federation one can say exactly the same as that on the option number 3. In itself, the union of regions in the Russian Republic "for the real status of the Russian will not work. In the republics must implement the same package as that for the third draft.
But this project has a disadvantage: it is much more sensitive to who and how it implements. If they will present power, the Russian position is not only not changed, but worse. This option automatically lowers the status of existing Russian regions, as human communities. If the earlier guidance of Orel region direct access to the federal level, now have overcome two steps. In a hierarchical system of the Russian Federation Orel region will shift to the position of county "Zaleskaya Republic." Current status of Russian regions will fall, and the status equal to the population of ethnic autonomous areas - will grow. Current Russian regional centers, according to the distance from the Russian Government, will be equal to the regional center of the autonomous republics. If now the autonomy - the "first among equals" in a large group of 83 regions, after the consolidation of Russian regions will be a group of seven Russian republics, and 21 non-Russians (14 - excluding the Northern Caucasus). Will either have to belittle the status of non-Russian republics, or they will be "Supermajority" in the new Federation.
Furthermore, in terms of integrity, the larger the region, the more dangerous to give him a stand-alone powers. If all of the powers given in Section 3 of the Oryol region - it would be "terribly autonomous Orel region," and nothing more. And if Zaleskaya Республике (в размере ЦФО) – то она станет полусуверенным государством. Причем крупным государством, сравнимым с Украиной, Польшей, Испанией. Такого рода transformation is acceptable only if there is a guarantee of Russia's accession to the EU as a whole. If there are no guarantees, then the result will be: to the Volga region will take EU, beyond the Urals - in China, and in the middle will be "The Islamic Republic of Idel-Ural.
Projects 5 and 6. single project "Russian Republic within the Russian Federation is bad because few of its adherents find time to finish thinking it through. If you think up, you get exactly the project № 6, submitted Kholmogorova.
clear that status of the huge Russian Republic can not be equated with the status of the small republic, which it exceeds the population of 50-100 times. Status of the Russian Authority must be equal to the aggregate status of all the subjects of the federation, which it will absorb into itself. Otherwise it will be a mockery of Russian.
In practice, This means that representatives of the Russian Authority will certainly dominate in both houses of the Parliament of the Federation and the Federal Government will simply mouthpiece of the Russian Government Authority. Small de facto autonomy will have only a consultative voice.
In addition, the institution of the Russian Republic logical to include all municipalities, where the share of Russian is 51% or more. Otherwise it will be discrimination against the Russian. It halve the size of most autonomy. Their voice in federal affairs will become even weaker.
What do we get the result? This is not the "Federation of Republics" and "autocratic" Russian Republic, with sewn to her "rump" of insignificant tiny autonomous regions, which are essentially "vassals" or "Dominion". If this is to express at the level of institutions, then it turns Kholmogorova option, not in the Prussian-German, but in a more radical version. In order not to "duplicate" the government Russian Authority at the federal level, the better the two Governments on the maximum combined. Technically, this can be arranged in different ways, including and as offering Kholmogorov .
This project is especially good because it is different from the "Dominion" relationship can be build in different ways. Say Caucasian - To issue a "vassal abroad, with these boundaries and tough immigration policies.
Project 7. take as a basis for Project 6. The question arises: but why bother with the fuss of "Russian autonomy" if the "output" we get the Russian national state with "sewn" to him "ethnic Dominion? So maybe, just declare the whole entire Russia - the Russian national state (by writing it into the constitution), as well as compensation to the right most major ethnic groups on autonomy? In this case, the fact of autonomy for the compact living ethnic group gets its justification: it is precisely compensation that state as a whole is a Russian national . Russian state - and that is why in the autonomy of the Russian character of the state compensated preferences for a given ethnic group.
In this case, "federal reform" as such is not needed, territorial division can be left with virtually no changes. You simply call (increase) the rights of all autonomous regions. And also oblige those of autonomy, where a high proportion of non-titular population or cut back their territory, or to introduce additional titular ethnic groups (for the people, who number more than 10%). In this case, RT would be a "dvuhtitulnym" (Tatar and Russian), Bashkortostan - trehtitulnym (Bashkir, Tatar, Russian).
But here there is a reasonable objection. If, apart from ads Russia "Russian state" nothing changes, then surely nothing will change : it will turn into pure profanity (see criticism of the project number 2). The problem is that if any of the options do in fact will not change unless you change the most important thing: the political disenfranchisement of the Russian majority. Can any region to announce at least "three times the Russian republic, but without real parties representing the Russian, and no real elections, the region will govern who anywhere and for anyone, not Russian.
Understand, my friends, that the "Russian question" can not be solved at the level of administrative reform and rewriting Constitution. That this decision the Russian question is: Medvedev - to resign, "United Russia" - on the Kolyma, the oligarchs - a visit to Mr. Khodorkovsky, the Russian Party - Allow, real elections - to resume the results of privatization - to reconsider, the continuity with the terrorists in 1917 - to break, the perpetrators of genocide Russian in the Caucasus - to judge, etc. etc. That is - the present and the only possible "solution to the Russian question." If you select all, then «Russian question - a question of political self-Russian for redistribution of large property (for her return Russian). Everything else - the small stuff. A "federal reformat in the list of Russian problems is the fifteenth place. And I'm afraid that those who now put this matter of paramount importance, as "important" and "landmark" just trying to zapudrit us brains.
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